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  • 10/10/17 08:00:39
    anh chị giúp em dịch dùm bài này với ạ...( hơi dài xíu ạ)2. Patterns of growth in developing countries
    This report takes stock of the changing global growth patterns and their far- reaching ramifications for the environment, as well as the division of wealth and power between and within nations in the developing world The 2000s saw rapid increases in per capita income in many developing countries This, however, has been accompanied in many cases by increased inequality within countries (OECD,...
    anh chị giúp em dịch dùm bài này với ạ...( hơi dài xíu ạ)2. Patterns of growth in developing countries
    This report takes stock of the changing global growth patterns and their far- reaching ramifications for the environment, as well as the division of wealth and power between and within nations in the developing world The 2000s saw rapid increases in per capita income in many developing countries This, however, has been accompanied in many cases by increased inequality within countries (OECD, 2010)
    Several global factors underlie these trends: the development of globally inte- grated supply chains and associated massive increase in global labour supply, as well as soaring demand for commodities, particularly fossil fuels and industrial metals Accordingly developing countries can be grouped into three “clusters”: fuel exporters, non-fuel commodity exporters and manufacturing exporters Growth in developing countries oriented towards manufacturing, fuel and other extractive industries is often carbon and natural-resource intensive Moreover, developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and resource depletion These tendencies will have significant economic, social and health consequences, including reductions in agricultural yield, strains on freshwater avail- ability, extreme weather events and premature deaths from uncontrolled pollution
    Developing economies, therefore, need to embrace policies that help achieve concrete and measurable progress towards the twin objectives of stimulating more inclusive economic growth and promoting environmental sustainability The OECD predicts that emerging economies and developing countries will grow substantially in the next 40 years (see Figure 4) Their taking a greener growth path is therefore essential for global green growth and environmental sustainability
    There are opportunities for synergies between environmental and economic sustainability, especially for developing countries which can factor environmental issues into their investment decisions on infrastructure and can further develop agriculture and other natural resources to improve livelihoods, create jobs, and reduce poverty Green growth provides an opportunity for emerging-market economies and developing countries to leapfrog unsustainable and wasteful pro- duction and consumption patterns While advanced economies are somewhat constrained by the path dependency of sunk capital, adequate financing and capacity would offer developing economies the opportunity to build the infrastruc- ture and networks needed to support sustainable development
    The growth trajectory measured in terms of CO2 intensity differs markedly across the three clusters of low-and middle-income economies (fuel-based econo- mies, non-fuel commodity exporters and manufacturing exporters) When we exam the relationship between real per capita GDP and per capita CO2 emissions over the period of 1990-2009 for each cluster, we see significant differences These two indicators tend to move in a linear fashion in the case of fuel-based economies and non-fuel commodity exporters, though much steeper in the former group On the other hand, in the case of manufacturing exporters there appear to be two diver- gent patterns One is a higher-intensity trend line represented by China, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and probably South Africa Another is a lower-intensity trend line followed by the other economies, including among others Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic The degree of CO2 intensity looks similar between this group of manufacturing exporters and non-fuel commodity exporters
    3. A policy framework for greening growth in developing countries
    Green growth is understood by many countries to be about mainstreaming inclusive economic development in ways that incorporate, create and sustain envi- ronmental and social values It entails changing and improving the performance of government, formal and informal economic actors and consumers and will require systematic adjustments to mainstream policy and governance systems – in other words, getting economic governance right for sustainable development
    As presented in Figure 5, there are three dimensions which a national government should examine when a green growth strategy is to be developed and deployed:
    ▪ a national green growth plan to create enabling conditions;
    ▪ green growth mainstreaming mechanisms to ensure opportunities are
    explored through existing economic activities;
    ▪ green growth policy instruments to tap specific opportunities within spatial and resource systems.

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